Drug class: CDK4/6 inhibitor Mechanism of Action Interleukin 12 (IL 12) and interleukin 23 (IL 23) are key drivers of chronic inflammation. Ustekinumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody, targets the p40 subunit shared by IL 12 and IL 23 heterodimers. By blocking this subunit, ustekinumab prevents IL 12/IL 23 binding to the IL 12 receptor β1 (IL 12Rβ1) on immune cell surfaces. This inhibition disrupts downstream differentiation and activation of T hel

On August 24, 2026, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Janssen Biotech’s IMAAVY (nipocalimab-aahu) injection for adult and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older currently or previously treated with corticosteroids (1,2). This landmark decision represents the first therapy proven safe and effective specifically for warm autoimmune hemolytic anaemia (wAIHA). As a first-in-class treatment, IMAAVY offers clinical management for an underserved community that has h

Drug class: CDK4/6 inhibitor Mechanism of Action Ribociclib is an orally administered, highly selective small molecule inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). It is approved in combination with other agents for the treatment of HR positive, HER2 negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer (1). Inside cells, CDK4/6 act as “ignition switches” for cell division. When bound to Cyclin D, they activate signaling that drives the cell cycle forward. In HR positive b

Drug class: GLP-1 RA Mechanism of Action Liraglutide is a human GLP-1 analogue that activates GLP-1 receptors, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing appetite. This results in improved glycemic control (1). Approved Indications Type 2 diabetes mellitus (1) Cardiovascular risk reduction (1) Dosage and Administration Initial: 0.6 mg SC once daily for 1 week. Increase to 1.2 mg once daily, up to 1.8 m

Drug class: HER2-directed monoclonal antibody Mechanism of Action Pertuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the dimerization subdomain II of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It inhibits HER2 from forming heterodimers with other HER family receptors, particularly HER3, thereby blocking ligand-dependent signaling pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation and survival. Pertuzumab also mediates antibody-dependent cellular cyto

Drug class: DPP-4 Inhibitor Mechanism of Action Vildagliptin is an orally active, highly selective, and reversible dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor designed to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vildagliptin blocks the breakdown of incretin hormones, which prompts the pancreas to release more insulin when blood glucose is high and reduces liver sugar production. This elevation stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells while suppressing in

Chronic inflammatory diseases of the nasal mucosa such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis pose a significant clinical burden but can be effectively managed with topically active corticosteroids (1,2). Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa triggered by environmental allergens (1). Allergic rhinitis is highly prevalent in India, with recent large‑scale studies showing that more than half of patients presenting with nasal

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most difficult challenges in modern oncology. It is a condition characterised by aggressive tumour growth and a high mortality rate, with a five-year survival rate that persists below 13% (1). Because the disease is often asymptomatic in its early stages, the majority of patients are diagnosed only after the cancer has become metastatic and unresectable. While this mutation drives the disease, the RAS protein was long

Drug class: SGLT2 inhibitor Mechanism of Action Empagliflozin inhibits the SGLT2 found in proximal tubules in the kidneys. It reduces renal reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion (1). It also reduces sodium reabsorption, thereby enhancing tubuloglomerular feedback, lowering intraglomerular pressure, reducing cardiac pre- and afterload, and downregulating sympathetic activity (1). Approved In

Sanjay, a 47‑year‑old IT professional, led a sedentary lifestyle with long working hours and little physical activity. Over the past few months, he began experiencing unexpected urine leakage, especially when laughing loudly or sneezing. With no prior health issues, these episodes left him confused and frustrated. After repeated incidents, he finally consulted his physician. Rekha, a 30‑year‑old mother of a two‑year‑old, faced similar challenges. Along with leakage, she frequ

Motherhood is often described as a joyful and transformative journey, but for some women, the postpartum period can also be overwhelming. Sandhya, a 28-year-old first-time mother, had expected happiness along with the responsibilities of caring for a newborn. Instead, her experience after delivery did not match those expectations. Each day brought new struggles. She noticed persistent changes in her mood, emotions, and energy levels, but could not understand what was happenin

ILAE - Epilepsy Congress 2026 Date of event: September 5-9, 2026 Location: Athens, Greece The conference brings together the global cardiology community to explore breakthrough research, gain practical clinical insights, and connect with leading experts from around the world. Through keynote sessions, interactive discussions, and hands-on learning experiences, participants will discover the latest scientific advancements designed to enhance clinical practice and improve pati

Have you ever thought about how what you eat today can affect your heart tomorrow? Let’s talk about cholesterol and a condition called atherosclerosis (1,2). Atherosclerosis is when your arteries gradually become blocked over time. The tricky part? You may not notice symptoms until it becomes serious (3). What is Cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fat-like substance your body needs to build cells, make hormones, and produce Vitamin D. Your liver makes most of it, but foods like

Noticing mucus in stool can feel worrying, but small amounts of clear or white mucus are completely normal (1,2). Mucus is a natural substance made by your intestines. It helps stool move smoothly and protects your gut (2). Mucus in stool can occur across all age groups, including adults, children, and infants (1,3). Excessive mucus, or mucus accompanied by blood and abdominal pain, may point to an underlying digestive issue (2). This article will speak about what triggers mu

1. Overview The double marker test is a crucial prenatal assessment tool used during the first trimester of pregnancy. Its main purpose is to detect pregnancies that are at elevated risk for the onset of chromosomal disorders. The test integrates maternal age with particular biochemical indicators to evaluate fetal well-being (1). The double marker test, also known as the double test, measures two serum markers: free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (free beta-hCG) and pregn

Rosenstock J et al. conducted the PIONEER 3 trial to compare the effectiveness of oral Semaglutide against Sitagliptin in adult Type 2 diabetes patients who were not adequately controlled on Metformin alone or with sulfonylurea. This study robustly evaluated the impacts on HbA1c reduction and the changes in body weight from baseline (1). Study Summary About the Author Ms. Silpa Rani Gajavalli is a postgraduate in pharmaceutical science (M Pharmacy). She has a wealth of academ

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In 2024, 589 million adults aged 20–79 years were living with diabetes, causing 3.4 million deaths and over US$1 trillion in health expenditure; prevalence is projected to reach 853 million by 2050 (1). Beyond hyperglycaemia, T2D is increasingly recognized as a complex, multisystem disorder associated with the cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic sy

Abstract This is a case of a 56-year-old woman who has had high blood pressure for 8 years, type 2 diabetes for 6 years, and high cholesterol. She started experiencing worse symptoms, including trouble breathing when active and even when resting, difficulty breathing while lying down, sudden nighttime breathing problems, a dry cough, tiredness, a 3 kg weight gain, and mild chest pain. The initial evaluation of the cardiovascular examination revealed JVD (jugular vein distensi

Many people often fall sick. They catch cold regularly, feel tired, or deal with stomach discomfort. Most people think it’s due to stress, weather changes, or aging. But the real reason can sometimes start in the gut. Mr Harish, a 55-year-old schoolteacher, often felt drained and caught infections every few months. He believed it was part of getting older until his doctor explained that his gut health was affecting his immunity. When Harish started eating more fiber, fresh fr

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is amongst the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for an estimated 19 million deaths each year (1). The mortality rates are even higher in India linked with an earlier age of onset and greater severity of the disease (2,3). More than half of cardiac deaths in India occur below the age of 50 years and 25% occur below the age of 40 years. The skyrocketing rates are due to a combination of risk factors which include dysli