Noticing mucus in stool can feel worrying, but small amounts of clear or white mucus are completely normal (1,2). Mucus is a natural substance made by your intestines. It helps stool move smoothly and protects your gut (2). Mucus in stool can occur across all age groups, including adults, children, and infants (1,3). Excessive mucus, or mucus accompanied by blood and abdominal pain, may point to an underlying digestive issue (2). This article will speak about what triggers mu

1. Overview The double marker test is a crucial prenatal assessment tool used during the first trimester of pregnancy. Its main purpose is to detect pregnancies that are at elevated risk for the onset of chromosomal disorders. The test integrates maternal age with particular biochemical indicators to evaluate fetal well-being (1). The double marker test, also known as the double test, measures two serum markers: free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (free beta-hCG) and pregn

Rosenstock J et al. conducted the PIONEER 3 trial to compare the effectiveness of oral Semaglutide against Sitagliptin in adult Type 2 diabetes patients who were not adequately controlled on Metformin alone or with sulfonylurea. This study robustly evaluated the impacts on HbA1c reduction and the changes in body weight from baseline (1). Study Summary About the Author Ms. Silpa Rani Gajavalli is a postgraduate in pharmaceutical science (M Pharmacy). She has a wealth of acad

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In 2024, 589 million adults aged 20–79 years were living with diabetes, causing 3.4 million deaths and over US$1 trillion in health expenditure; prevalence is projected to reach 853 million by 2050 (1). Beyond hyperglycaemia, T2D is increasingly recognized as a complex, multisystem disorder associated with the cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic sy

Abstract This is a case of a 56-year-old woman who has had high blood pressure for 8 years, type 2 diabetes for 6 years, and high cholesterol. She started experiencing worse symptoms, including trouble breathing when active and even when resting, difficulty breathing while lying down, sudden nighttime breathing problems, a dry cough, tiredness, a 3 kg weight gain, and mild chest pain. The initial evaluation of the cardiovascular examination revealed JVD (jugular vein distensi

Many people often fall sick. They catch cold regularly, feel tired, or deal with stomach discomfort. Most people think it’s due to stress, weather changes, or aging. But the real reason can sometimes start in the gut. Mr Harish, a 55-year-old schoolteacher, often felt drained and caught infections every few months. He believed it was part of getting older until his doctor explained that his gut health was affecting his immunity. When Harish started eating more fiber, fresh fr

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting over 500 million...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a progressive metabolic disease that affects members of all ages but is more common in people over 45...